Garlick explains how evolutionary frameworks can refine IR theory by moving beyond outdated models like neorealism that assume rational actors. He discusses the evolutionary roots of cooperation, hierarchy, and status-seeking in international behavior, and how these traits influence alliances, nuclear deterrence, and strategic balancing. The conversation also addresses the risks of misappropriating evolutionary theory in political contexts, and explores how emotions, morality, and cultural evolution shape decision-making. Garlick touches on the inevitability of U.S.-China competition through the lens of evolutionary dynamics, and reflects on the intellectual challenges of integrating natural sciences into IR. He concludes by advocating for a broader, more interdisciplinary approach to international relations that incorporates evolutionary insights to better understand global conflict and cooperation.