Italy's geography is as diverse as its culture, with landscapes ranging from the Alps to Mediterranean coastlines, and a climate that varies from alpine to temperate1. The country's economy, while robust, faces challenges like slow growth and high public debt, and its decentralized political system aims to prevent authoritarianism2. Italian cuisine, celebrated for its regional diversity and fresh ingredients, is deeply intertwined with cultural traditions rooted in Roman Catholicism, such as the Epiphany and Carnevale3. The history of Italy is a tapestry of ancient Rome, medieval Papal States, and the Renaissance, culminating in the unification of 1861, which resolved the 'Roman question' and established Vatican City as an independent state4. Modern Italy continues to grapple with economic stagnation, youth unemployment, and debates over immigration, while also showing resilience in the face of global crises like the 2008 financial crash and COVID-195.