The discussion begins with a comparison of Stalin and Mao, emphasizing Stalin's effective governance despite a higher death toll under Mao. Kotkin explores Xi Jinping's rise to power, linking it to historical precedents and the Communist Party's commitment to maintaining control. The conversation highlights the incompatibility of Leninist regimes with political reform, drawing parallels between Stalin's purges and Xi's recent actions. Kotkin notes the complexities of loyalty within large systems, where even trusted allies can pose threats. The episode also addresses the implications of Taiwan's success for the CCP and the challenges of succession in authoritarian contexts. Ultimately, it emphasizes the resilience of the Chinese people and the importance of engaging with them, despite the oppressive regime they endure.